Excerpts

Although some effects were reduced to marginal significance under the multilevel specification, the overall pattern of results remained consistent with the proposed theoretical framework.

Apart from measuring these individual behaviours, we intended our coding scheme to capture the episodes of infant-parent dyadic interactions and various parental behaviours focused on the infant looking that are possibly significant for task performance, but rarely considered task-relevant.

In our sample, we found a similar risk in comparison with those described in previous studies (although after the Bonferroni correction, the differences in the multivariate analysis were only marginally significant).

To manage various loneliness scales in a narrative review while preserving comparability without conducting a meta-analysis, we suggest three steps: Step 1: Categorize the loneliness outcome of each study as either overall or emotional/social (if DJGLS is used) and as direct or indirect wording ( Russell, 1996 ); Step 2: Standardize the analysis by indicating the direction of change, assessing if the change is clinically or practically significant as defined by the authors, and determining if the effects last at follow-up (≥3 months); Step 3: Include a sensitivity narrative highlighting that ultra-short measures (1–3 items) have less detail for testing mechanisms and are more prone to wording effects, according to national measurement guidance ( Office for National Statistics, 2018 ).

The results showed that Box’s M test was significant ( p < 0.05) and that Levene’s test yielded partially significant results.

Education and income were not significant in either region, whereas age and gender were weakly significant only in the megacity region.

All statistical tests were carried out at the significance levels α 1 = 0.05, α 2 = 0.01, and α 3 = 0.001 to account for significant, moderate significant, and highly significant parameters, respectively.

Furthermore, the white lie cognition score of children with intellectual disability ( M = 0.58, SD = 0.11) was higher than that of children with autism spectrum disorder ( M = 0.25, SD = 0.12), a difference that was marginally significant [* p * = 0.056, 95% CI (-.66, .008)].

No main or interaction effects approached significance.

However, it should be noted that, the spatial cueing effect of inverted face was only marginally significant in the previous study.

Computation of Trend Estimates in PISA In the literature on trend analysis in international large-scale assessments, the original trend is distinguished from a marginal trend ( Gebhardt and Adams, 2007 ; see also Carstensen, 2013 ; Sachse et al., 2016 ).

In panel C, there is a decreasing trend in the PBA mode, but the trend in the CBA mode remains constant.

It is evident that the average item difficulty of this group decreased significantly from 2003 to 2012 (−0.18 to 0.01 = −0.19 logits), indicating that there was a positive trend in mathematics over the 9 years.

A positive trend was also observed in inhibitory control following the exercise intervention; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution.

Comparisons by language in separate analyses showed that, in year 2 [ F (2,93) = 14.971, p < 0.001, p η 2 = 0.25], the pupils writing in Spanish made significantly fewer root level errors than pupils writing in English ( p < 0.001), or Catalan ( p < 0.001); in year 4, the difference remained significant [ F (2,92) = 4.533, p = 0.013, p η 2 = 0.09] between the Spanish and the Catalan children ( p = 0.018) but was only nearly significant between the Spanish and the English children ( p = 0.0.66); finally in year 6, only the Spanish and the English children showed significant differences [ F (2,98) = 6.181, p = 0.003, p η 2 = 0.12] ( p = 0.002 for the post-hoc contrast).

Analysis of pre–post reaction times within each group revealed no significant changes in the HIIT and MIAE groups, whereas the Control group showed a marginally significant decrease.

It should be noted that biospheric values ( p = 0.056) were marginally significant.

The remaining items of each of the entrepreneurial characteristics were exactly converged into their belonging factors, with loadings of 0.54 or above, which is practically significant ( Hair et al., 2006 ).

Dual-identity was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion via the perception of job complexity under low (indirect effect = 0.08, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.11]) and high HRM strength (indirect effect = 0.04, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.06]), and the difference was marginally significant (diff = −0.04, 95% CI = [−0.08, 0.00], 90% CI = [−0.08, −0.01]).

Research evidence of the greater social benefits that animals provide becomes extremely significant as social impairments and accompanying social isolation are key deficit areas that characterize the ASD diagnosis (e.g., Carter et al., 2005 ; American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ).

A further complex matter concerns the effects of sex on HPA functioning, within the above mentioned associations; different sex patterns were reported to be close to significance only in women ( DeSoto and Salinas, 2015 ; Puig-Perez et al., 2016 ), whereas the absence of sex differences occured after controlling the luteal phase ( Kajantie and Phillips, 2006 ; Poppelaars et al., 2019 ).

Conversely, assessments of Subjective Task Value showed a relatively even distribution with a favorable trend, with option seven being the most frequently chosen. 4.

Likewise, the effect of neuroticism on cortisol tended to be marginally significant and positive in female bowmen.

With the increase of PI to the average level and high level, the influence increased slightly, reaching 0.619 and 0.648 respectively, and it was still highly significant.

This was observed following up an only marginally significant interaction between Anteriority, CS, and Point.