Excerpts

For instance, in the VQDM dataset, Welch’s t-test showed a t-statistic of 24.50 for contrast and 20.02 for entropy, both with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p < 0.0001$$\end{document} , indicating highly significant differences.

With the increase in the number of freezing and thawing cycles, the dynamic elastic modulus indicates a decreasing trend, and the whole is close to a linear change.

In the STELLAR trial, the 3-year OS rate in the TNT group was 86.5% (95% CI: 82.1–90.8%), compared to 75.1% (95% CI: 69.4–80.8%) in the chemoradiotherapy (CRT) group, showing no statistically significant difference (HR: 0.67, p = 0.33), yet a notable trend toward improved survival 17 .

Subgroup analyses showed a trend toward worse 3-year RFS in patients with lower rectal tumors and higher stages; however, no statistically significant differences were observed.

For Factor 2, physical activity (B = − 0.599, p < 0.001) and chronic diseases (B = − 0.328, p = 0.037) were significant predictors, while age (B = 0.013, p = 0.059) showed a marginally significant effect.

Dislocations inside the material undergo rearrangement and annihilation driven by the impact energy; meanwhile, microstructural adjustments such as dynamic recovery and grain boundary migration make the intragranular orientation tend to be uniform, leading to a decreasing trend in the average Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) values of both the BM and WJ. Σ3 coherent grain boundaries are special grain boundaries with low interfacial energy and high stability 22 , and their proportions show opposite evolutionary trends in the BM and WJ: the proportion of Σ3 grain boundaries decreases in the BM but increases in the WJ.

8 , showing a clear trend of decreasing anisotropy with increasing normal stress.

The type of water container, specifically JerriCans (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.89–2.01, p = 0.07), showed a trend towards increased contamination but was not statistically significant.

The analysis of probabilities revealed that resources exhibited greater uncertainty in ACE compared to GBE, but human health had an adverse trend for resources.

Compared with the PBS group, B16 cells treated with CpG ODN exhibited decreasing trends in STING levels at 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h, along with an increasing trend at 3 h.

This indicates that both factors had a highly significant effect on the target indicator (protein content).

The land use types of Gui’an New Area shifted significantly from 2010 to 2060, especially the decrease of cropland and the growth of buildings, as well as the fluctuating changes around woodland, grassland, and water; the core area of the landscape also showed a decreasing trend in the area share between 2010 and 2060.

After this adjustment, the patient-level risk factors remained highly significant, although their effect sizes were slightly attenuated (e.g., CCI aOR = 1.27), confirming their robust independent effects.

Table 1 presents the covariates used for propensity score matching, and all covariates were significant (P-values < 0.05) except depression (p-value = 0.052) was marginally significant.

Although a decreasing trend was observed at the highest dose (TK400), the inter-sample variability was relatively high, and no statistically significant difference was found compared to the DEX group.

While the regular-sweep protocol demonstrated higher treatment success (months 1 and 3), the slow-sweep protocol showed a trend toward greater reduction in the number of glaucoma medications, although this difference was not statistically significant.

In the other three seasons, NPP predominantly exhibits an overall trend of widespread stability and improvement, with small areas of degradation.

The calculation formula is as follows: 2 represents the trend factor; if the value is greater than 0, vegetation NPP shows an increasing trend; otherwise, it shows a decreasing trend.

In contrast, ACT was not significantly associated with NM infusion rate and instead demonstrated a decreasing trend (Supplementary Fig.

Total bilirubin also demonstrated a positive trend and narrowly reached statistical significance (β = 1.031, SE = 0.524, P = 0.049).

1 b), while in 16% of the catchments a significant trend in just one of the variables (Fig. 1 c, d) was identified.

For instance, a positive trend in streamflow is found in catchments driven by glaciers 31 .

Here, a similar behaviour is found with a decreasing trend in SCA and Qmean, which is also reported in the area by Rajwa-Kuligiewicz & Bojarczuk 37 .

In Europe, when having a look at the European Alps, the annual median streamflow does not show a clear trend over the whole mountain range, but some significant trends are found when analysing catchments individually.

The European Alps present a negative trend, especially below 2000 m.