Excerpts

Pairwise group comparisons using Fisher’s exact test revealed a highly significant difference in the morphology of EVs between patients with GBA1-PD carrying the p.L444P and p.N370S mutations ( p = 1.37 × 10 −9 ).

coli presence was highly significant ( p -value = 1.39E-09), the effect was very small.

This association between IVIG resistance and CAL development was highly significant (Fisher's exact p = 1.4×10 −9 ).

pdb: 1yzf ) with highly significant p-values (p = 1.4 × 10 -9 ).

The proposition of interparalog recombination implied in this graphical representation is supported by a highly significant result in the PHI test of recombination, which examines the patterns of incompatibility between closely linked parsimony informative sites ( p < 1.4 × 10 −9 ; Bruen et al. 2006 ).

Indeed, χ 2 tests for independence revealed that there is a highly significant dependence of APOE genotype and litter across the entire 3-month-old dataset (χ 2 =82.7, d.f.=20, P =1.4×10 −9 ), as well as within only male samples (χ 2 =43.1, d.f.=14, P =8.2×10 −5 ) and within only female samples (χ 2 =39.3, d.f.=14, P =3.0×10 −4 ).

Enrichment analysis (Fisher's exact test using Gene Ontology terms) of those genes with increased expression revealed highly significant enrichment in genes with the terms ‘cell cycle’ (45 genes, enrichment p = 1.4E-9), ‘kinetochore’ (8 genes, p = 1.5E-6), ‘pericentric chromosome-binding’ (10 genes, p = 3.4E-6), ‘DNA replication’ (17 genes, p = 6.0E-6), and ‘DNA-binding’ (103 genes, p = 0.0001), whereas analysis of the genes that were decreased revealed enrichment in genes with the terms ‘membrane-binding’ (391 genes, p = 9.8E-12), ‘integral-to-membrane’ (333 genes, p = 5.1E-9), ‘lysosomal’ (24 genes, p = 1.2E-5), and ‘golgi apparatus’ (29 genes, p = 0.0001) (a complete list of the terms is in Figure S2 ).

A likelihood ratio test comparing the two separate models to the same structure fitted to the combined 5L3L + 3L5L sample gives a highly significant rejection of the hypothesis of equal parameters ( χ 2 (20) = 84.4, p = 1.4 × 10 −9 ).

The difference between control and affected slopes was highly significant (Z = 5.9401, p = 1.43E-09).

The distributions of survival times of all Mss1 and all Mss7 rats, respectively, showed highly significant differences to the Kaplan-Meier curve of BDIX rats as judged from the log rank test ( P = 1.5 × 10 −9 and 2.8 × 10 −6 , respectively; see Figure 2A ).

These differences underscore a highly significant excess in AD risks for the higher‐risk CompGs compared to the lower‐risk CompGs in NHWs, for example, 59% ( p = 1.50 × 10 −9 ) for the 1XY+2XY CompG.

20 The functional enrichment of this interaction network was highly significant ( p = 1.55 × 10 –9 ), indicating that more interactions among gene products are found here than would be due to chance alone with a similarly sized group of gene products in the S. aureus genome.

Among the targets of E2F8, 17 were present in the LP gene expression module (total 115 genes), including Gjb2 , Tmem150a , Wfdc2 , Maged1 , a statistically highly significant enrichment ( p = 1.68E-09 in a hypergeometric test) (Supplementary Fig. 13a ).

In testing for the association of loss-of-function variants with fungal burden, the most highly significant variant was a frameshift in the phosphofructokinase gene, CNAG_06033 (pfkB) (GEMMA score test, P = 1.69E−09).

Notably, the difference in correlation values between these random condition and those described above is highly significant (Wilcoxon's P -value <1.7e−9).

Extending our analysis to groups of functionally related proteins, we find statistically significant associations for gap junction proteins, connexins, which show a highly significant connection to hyperkeratosis ( Supplementary Table S5 , P = 1.7 × 10 −9 ).

While no association with AER was seen in the patients reaching the current recommended treatment target of an HbA 1c ≤ 7.0% (N = 304, β [95% CI] = −0.017 [−0.137–0.101], p = 0.78), the association was highly significant ( p = 1.7 × 10 −9 ) in the patients with an HbA 1c > 7.0% (N = 2560, β [95% CI] = 0.17 [0.117–0.230]).

The aggregate brain and nonbrain measurements showed a poor but highly significant correlation (Spearman’s rho = 0.21, P = 1.78 × 10 −9 ; Fig. 2c ).

The greenyellow (774 genes) showed a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.93, p = 1.79 × 10 −9 ).

Using a Fisher’s Exact test this enrichment is highly significant (4.5% vs. 0.6%; P = 1.8 × 10 −9 ).

Using logistic regression with the GDP term reduced the deviance from 114.0 (df = 28) to 29.2 (df = 27), a highly significant improvement in fit (p = 1.8E-9).

As expected given the mesodermal origin of microglial cells 40 , we found highly significant associations between microglial cell-specific genes with the top 25% values of dN/dS and immune system-related GOs (χ 2 = 36.048, p = 1.92 × 10 –9 ), in agreement with previous reports of enrichment of immune system-related genes in microglial cells 41 .

This important analysis showed that the same Cox model of TMB/IFNγRes/MacReg is highly significant in the association analysis of survival of patients with advanced disease (log-rank p = 1.94E−09) (Additional file 1 : Table S6).

The interaction index of the cocultures without PTHrP treatment and the GAG ratio of monoculture NC to monoculture BMSC showed a highly significant Pearson’s r coefficient of 0.79 × 10 –9 ( p -value = 1.99 × 10 –9 ; Figure 1E ).

A Gene Ontology (GO)-based over-representation analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) shows a highly significant greater than threefold enrichment of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity ( p = 2 × 10 −9 , Additional file 2 : Table S2).