approached significancep < 0.05
Protein levels of CREB, JNK, and p70S6K, rose significantly after glucose treatment ( p < 0.01), and the increase in NF-κB, p38, ERK1/2, Akt, and STAT5 approached significance after glucose treatment ( p < 0.05), implying that glucose stimulated all these cytokines level toward a baseline (less neuroinflamed) condition ( Figure 2 ).