“highly significant”

ST6GALNAC1 expression showed highly significant tumor–normal differences in both external datasets ( GSE71187 and GSE87211 ; Wilcoxon p < 2.2e − 16 in each; Fig. 13 A), providing the most consistent external expression evidence among the three model genes.

Comparing the two sets of genes, we observed a highly significant overlap of 193 genes whose expression was altered by either IL-1β treatment and IL-1R8 deficiency (Fischer’s exact test; P value = 2.2e-16; Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.95; 61.7% downregulated and 38.3% upregulated, Supplementary file 3 ).

Further constraining the thresholds led to highly significant misfits for both positive and negative factors (positive factors, Δ χ 2 397.1, Δ DF 116, p < 2.2E-16; negative factors, Δ χ 2 444.5, Δ DF 52, p < 2.2E-16).

We observed a highly significant gain of methylation with age at the locus in the LBC cohort, validating our approach (Fig. 1 a, T-test, p < 2.2 × 10 −16 ).

When examining 92 age‐associated metabolites, the correlation between the age beta coefficient was highly significant ( r = 0.79, p = 2.2e‐16; Figure S2B ), suggesting the reliability of our method. 91 of them changed with age in the same direction, among which 27 were statistically significant.

The overlap was highly significant ( P < 2.2 × 10 −16 ).

For the 241 significantly differentially accessible regions there was a highly significant enrichment at regions marked as enhancers, compared to ‘All peaks’ ( p < 2.2 x 10 −16 ) or the genome-wide distribution ( p < 2.2 x 10 −16 ) of the chromatin state ( Figure 1d ).

The overall distribution of average within-pair DNA methylation differences showed a highly significant skew to the right in ASD-discordant twins ( P <2.2e−16, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), with a higher number of CpG sites demonstrating a larger average difference in DNA methylation.

andersonii (tested via independent samples Wilcoxon rank-sum test), while its F is value was also significantly lower ( P < 0.05).Furthermore, verification of Rarefied Allelic Richness (Ar) via the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test revealed a highly significant difference between the two species (chi-squared = 1770.3, df = 1, P < 2.2e-16), confirming that the genetic diversity of B. andersonii is robustly higher than that of B. tianguii even after standardizing sample sizes ( Figure 3 ). 3.3.

Similarly, the differences in length and Alu count of the downstream intron between the predominant A5BS circRNAs and the other A5BS circRNAs were highly significant ( P < 2.2 × 10 −16 ; Figure 4E , F ) while they were much less or not significant for the upstream flanking introns of A3BS circRNAs ( Supplementary Figure S5C, D ).

Visually, H3K4me2 also seemed to be lost at this region, but the major site of enrichment, at the spacer promoter, was unaffected, and the locus-wide correlation remained robust and highly significant (mESC vs. mNPC: R 2 = 0.87, P <2.2 × 10 −16 ).

The two-way ANOVAs demonstrated highly significant differences between the strains ( Pdyn F 1,216 = 79.25, p = 2.2×10 −16 ; Penk F 1,213 = 60.19, p = 3.54×10 −13 for the strain factor) and a significant interaction of both factors (strain x brain region: Pdyn F 3,216 = 8.79, p = 1.6×10 −5 ; Penk F 3,213 = 5.36, p = 1.4×10 −3 ).

The difference in heteroplasmy between sexes was highly significant (129/0 males and 570/32 females,Chi-Square test, p- value < 2.2 × 10 −16 ) and corroborates results from a previous study 24 .

Lastly, we compared the average TE ages between SUO and SLO genes in human and revealed a highly significant difference (p<2.2e-16, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test), with the former at 16.1% and the latter at 21.3% sequence divergence from their consensus sequences (For reference, 16–18% of unconstrained nucleotides have been substituted since the split of primates from other mammalian orders [32] ).

We observed a highly significant effect of humidity (GLMM: p < 2.2e−16, x 2 = 266.93, df = 4; Table 2 B; Fig. 3 ) on T p of adult flies.

Biological age showed a highly significant Pearson’s correlation with chronological age of 0.98 ( p -value < 2.2e − 16) (Fig. 2 a).

0.00276, Fisher's exact test p-value = 1.34e-05), there is a highly significant excess of sites supporting the species topology (0.00229 vs. 0.00210, Fisher's exact test p-value < 2.2e-16) and deficit of sites in these regions supporting ILS topologies (0.00042 vs. 0.00066, Fisher's exact test p-value < 2.2e-16, Fig 2B and 2C ), which suggests that the observed reduction of ILS is not the result of a lower mutation rate.

The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.74 between all d(fl, endo, g) and d(com, endo, g) scores is highly significant ( P = 2.2e −16 ), reflecting resemblance in genome size and signal peptide content of free-living bacteria and commensals.

With this larger and more diverse dataset, the excess similarity of orthologs is also highly significant for the Molecular Function ontologies (all orthologs vs. all paralogs, t-test, p <2.2 10 −16 ), as for the Biological Process ( Fig. 3 ).

A one-way ANOVA confirmed that the differences among residue classes are highly significant ( F (3, 14,983) = 682.6, p < 2.2 × 10 –16 ), supporting the hypothesis that CDR loops correspond to weakly coupled, energetically uncoupled regions when compared to the structural core of nanobodies.

The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed highly significant differences between conditions at 0–24 h (H = 147.38, df = 2, p = 2.2 × 10 −16 ) and 24–48 h (H = 121.46, df = 2, p = 2.2 × 10 −16 ).

8 A–D, GSTO1 expression is significantly elevated in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues across several datasets (E_MTAB_8588, GSE42743 , and TCGA_HNSC), with highly significant p-values (p < 2.2e–16, p = 7.3e–08, and p < 2.2e–16, respectively).

The histogram of the distribution of the uncorrected p -values suggested that there was a highly significant excess of low p -values ( p -value < 2.2 × 10 − 16 ; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; Fig. 2A ).

R ESULTS Analysis of flexural strength values for all the study groups by two-way ANOVA indicated a very highly significant difference between the means of all main groups ( F = 14056.27, P < 2.2E-16) and between the means of subgroups ( F = 94.41, P < 2.2E-16) [ Table 1 ].

The median Laa value for SCT strain-specific genes (183 aa) was smaller than that for the other genes (280 aa), the difference being highly significant according to a Wilcoxon rank sum test ( p -value < 2.2e-16).