Excerpts

In Seychelles, the prevalence of diabetes increased by 50 % in 15 years with half of cases attributable to obesity [ 8 , 9 ], and a marked trend for diabetes to cluster among those of low SES [ 10 ].

Comparing lung cancer risks in all construction workers combined with those in the general population, we found a slight borderline non-significant excess risk (OR = 1.15; 95 % CI: 0.9–1.4).

There were borderline significant excess risks among workers in the building, industrial and heavy construction sector.

Statistical significance was set at P < .05 and P < .10 was considered to be marginally significant.

This phenomenon has been observed elsewhere, as a recent Spanish study showed rates of healthcare workers approaching 31 %, and a decreasing trend after the year 2009 [ 23 ].

Women who had SHS exposure at home showed a significant trend ( p -trend <0.001) (data not shown).

The association between mother’s education and early initiation of breastfeeding was at a marginal significance level for mothers with secondary or higher education in 2001 and was statistically significant in 2006.

This information is quite significant, as it will aid strengthening primary prevention programs (public health policies) targeting obesity in specific populations groups, especially those groups of individuals with a family history of obesity and of Afro-Panamanian ethnic groups; additionally, tertiary prevention programs should be implemented for obese women who are 40–59 years of age living in urban areas and who have a family history of obesity [ 58 ].

While race itself was not found to be significant in the models, it is known to be highly correlated with those factors that are highly significant, including poverty, income and employment.

Lastly, the standard deviation of the death rates over the eight ethic groups (not presented in the figure or a table) decreased from 3.46 in 1996–1999 to 1.96 in 2004–2007 (F = 3.12; p = 0.06), showing a (borderline significant) convergence of mortality patterns over time.

Another evidence from Norway showed a decreasing trend in hypertension as physical activity increased from low (50 %) to high (38 %) for those in the age group of 45 to 64 (significant at 1 %) and more than 65 years old (significant at 10 %) [ 17 ].

A study in the US including data from 1999 to 2010 described an increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity amongst children and adolescents [ 18 ].

As anticipated, the GRS is a highly significant predictor of body weight measures in all models constructed from the SP sample.

However, a nonsignificant trend towards a protective benefit was identified on the highest percentiles of abdominal adiposity.

Additional analyses (data not shown) using each country as reference category in turn indicated that, across both categories of intervention strategies, Portuguese adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Polish adolescents (although the difference for strategies promoting healthy eating was only marginally significant), and that Polish adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Dutch and UK adolescents.

At the end of the hospitalization period, any beneficial effect of the supplementation was observed on body composition but after 9 weeks home supplementation, the change in body composition was highly significant from baseline (+11 % body mass).

The association was highly significant in both groups (Table 2 ).

Although Turkey produces and exports fruit and vegetable the consumption of fruit and vegetable shows a decreasing trend [ 36 ] and dietary patterns differ substantially between regions and income groups.

This categorisation is conceptual (bullying concerns repeated acts), but it is supported by empirical research showing that there are large and highly significant differences between these groups on internalising problems (for victims) and externalising problems (for bullies) [ 47 ].

Correlates of school health improvement As indicated in Table 3 , school size had small positive correlations with most health improvement activities indicating a trend toward more health improvement activity in larger schools, though in no cases was this significant, approaching significance only for coverage of healthy food policy and promotion of active travel.

Although similar associations were apparent for diet they just failed to reach significance (Table 3 ).

Data generated through this survey will not only provide a valuable snapshot of the HIV epidemic in MSM but will also offer an important trend analysis of the epidemiology of HIV and other STIs over time across Europe.

Furthermore, there was a clear trend with increasing blood pressure, BMI, and waist measure with increasing resting heart rate.

Suicide by drowning was stable from 1969 to 1982 and then followed a decreasing trend through 2012 (APC = −3.0 %).

Suicide rates by poisoning followed an increasing trend from 1969 to 1982 (APC = 5.7 %) and then decreased continuously through 2012 with an APC of −2.7 %.