Excerpts

3.2 Comparison of variables between university students with and without left-behind experiences and gender differences in left-behind experiences The results, as shown in Table 1 , indicated significant differences between university students with and without left-behind experiences regarding age, life events, PLEs, and social support, with a marginally significant difference in NSSI.

In the L2 orthography condition, a MMN-N400 complex (i.e., deviancy effect) was found in the high L2 proficiency bilinguals, but only a marginally significant reduced negativity in an early time window was found in the low L2 proficiency bilinguals.

Based on power of 0.80 and alpha set at 0.05 (two-tailed), this sample size was adequately powered to detect a small effect size (Cohen’s d > 0.38) corresponding with what Ferguson (2009) classified as ‘minimal effect size representing a practically significant effect for social science data.’ Participants ( n = 175) were aged between 21 and 80 years old ( M = 37.13, SD = 12.69), and tended to be GPs/physicians (48.5%), clinical dieticians (21.7%), or medical students (9.7%), with small numbers of registrars, nurses, psychologists, and psychiatrists.

(2015) pointed out that the level of dyadic coping showed a trend of decreasing in 3 years, the study of Ernst et al.

Interestingly, our data revealed an unexpected pattern regarding experimental conditions: participants in the inclusion condition reported slightly higher levels of moral disengagement compared to those in the exclusion condition, though this difference was only marginally significant.

Region of interest analyses Results Further investigations on the influence of emotion on cognition within peak regions of interests as based on FWE-corrected peak regions derived from the here identified emotion- (Neg>Neu trials) and cognition (IC>S) network revealed a significant trend within left amygdala, right insula and right precentral gyrus to show decreases of neural activation along for emotional primes with increasing cognitive demand.

A p -value greater than 0.05 indicates that the data are not statistically significant, a p -value less than 0.05 indicates that the data are different, a p -value less than 0.01 indicates a significant difference, and a p -value less than 0.001 indicates a highly significant difference.

However, as p is close to the level of significance, and to further scrutinize the results, univariate testing was inspected (e.g., Lautenbach et al., 2016 ).

These findings show that there is a strong trend in the literature regarding the relationship between mathematics anxiety and academic achievement and performance.

Moreover, the relationships among basic values, career orientations, and career anchors were highly significant in the direction of the two bipolar dimensions and motivational continuum proposed in Schwartz' structural values model.

Overall, findings showed a significant increase in psychopathological symptoms among both members of couples Childless and Pursuing Treatments (CPT) and a decreasing trend among members of couples who achieved Parenthood after Successful Treatments (PST) or by Adoption (PA), mainly among men.

Treated participants also showed a trend-level depressive symptom reduction, but no changes on other well-being measures.

For example, a trait × state interaction for the SC-IAT fell short of significance, which descriptively pointed toward increased positive implicit attitudes toward chocolate after deprivation in high trait chocolate cravers.

All effects revealing a significance level of p < 0.05, and p < 0.1 for marginal significance are reported.

Perceptual narrowing is a highly significant development associated with the first year of life.

Interestingly, compared to the contralateral condition, the SSVEP amplitude elicited by the 20 Hz flicker stimulus presented ipsilateral to the cue showed a trend of early enhancement and subsequent inhibition; however, this trend was not significant in the 801~1,400 ms period.

In the reverse contrasting condition, participants with a high baseline state anxiety showed a trend toward more state anxiety regarding the feared future. 2 There was a trend of an interaction effect between expectations and self-regulatory strategy condition, p = 0.081.

This could also be interpreted as a marginally significant effect, but it is worth noting that the DR was higher for changes that did not alter the consistency relative to changes that did alter the consistency, opposite to that in Experiment 1.

However, the confidence interval shown by the error bars show that this finding was only marginally significant therefore the results should be interpreted cautiously.

Although the two groups were similar with respect to clinical symptoms, there was a clear trend toward differences in cognitive performance between the depression and control groups.

Indeed, when a statistical trend test is performed on these data (means of differences: same-computer group: 7.12%; modified same-room group: 3.04%; different-rooms group: 0.33%), the monotonous decline with increasing psychological distance is likewise confirmed ( J = 1145.5; z = 2.046; p = 0.041, two-tailed).

The effect on the difference in encoding between partner-relevant words and task-irrelevant words turned out to be strong and highly significant in the same-computer condition, but small and non-significant in the different-rooms condition, a pattern that parallels our present findings.

The results indicated a significant increase in all three subconstructs of lexical richness in argumentative compositions over the year, while in expository compositions, only lexical density and lexical sophistication demonstrated an increasing trend.

After adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg corrections, we confirmed these results for dreams appearing more strange, bizarre, and scary but found that aggression was only marginally significant.

However, this consistency effect on preference was only marginally significant and very small.