Excerpts

Analysis of variance showed that both models were highly significant.

The turbidity curve ( Figure 1 G) reveals a clear trend: QE turbidity slightly decreases with rising temperature (but remains relatively stable overall); OβG turbidity stays nearly constant; and complex turbidity gradually decreases as temperature decreases.

However, the overall concentration of volatile components within the sample demonstrated an increasing trend.

A p -value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant. 3.

Also, Figure 6 presents the training and validation loss, demonstrating a decreasing trend which stabilizes around the 15th epoch.

From a technological perspective, the introduction of fibers into meat products is an increasing trend due to their numerous functional properties such as water retention, the emulsification capacity, the ability to reduce losses during technological processes, or texture improvement [ 3 , 13 , 14 ].

Among hydroxybenzoic compounds, protocatechuic acid showed a highly significant vintage effect, together with a significant valley effect.

Quercetin-3-glucoside showed significant differences for closure, location, and valley, with a near-significant effect for vintage, while quercetin was significantly affected by vintage.

By contrast, although Question 2 also showed a positive trend, it did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that in some situations where baseline healthfulness evaluations are already relatively clear, labels alone may already provide a strong enough cue, thereby limiting the additional room for improvement created by the combined intervention.

With decreasing Si/Al ratio, both k 2 and h 0 increased continuously, reaching 42.128 and 4.947 in AM15, respectively, while q e also showed an increasing trend.

A clear trend was observed with increasing substitution levels (0–10%), reflecting the compositional characteristics of the added raw material.

The grade structure of CEA changed substantially: the proportions of low-grade and moderately low-grade provinces decreased significantly, whereas medium-grade, moderately high-grade, and high-grade provinces increased significantly, presenting an overall trend of transitioning to higher grades.

Regarding NPQ levels, both the control and 5-ALA-treated groups exhibited an increasing trend on day 1, which may be attributed to the activation of stress responses under nitrogen-deficient conditions.

It should be noted that the moisture absorbers did not consistently reduce phenolic content during storage; however, a decreasing trend was observed for most phenolic compounds (TPC, TNFC, caffeoylmalic and chlorogenic acid).

Astragaloside I exhibited a decreasing trend throughout fermentation, with its initial concentration of 0.493 mg·g −1 becoming nearly undetectable.

Specifically, the ratio parameters of A 3009 /A 2924 , A 3009 /A 2854 and A 3009 /A 1743 showed a decreasing trend with increasing storage time.

Total MUFA showed a trend toward higher values in SS but did not reach significance ( p = 0.058).

In line with this interpretation, crumb L* showed a positive trend with specific volume (r = 0.62), and Plateau’s low loaf volume (denser crumb) may have reduced light scattering and lowered crumb L* despite a lighter crust [ 38 ]. 3.2.2.

The number of fruiting bodies and yield of AS showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing Se concentration, while the weight of individual mushrooms showed the opposite trend ( Table S2 ).

Differences among the groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, with p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 considered statistically significant and highly significant, respectively.

Dynamic Change in Nitrite Content The nitrite content exhibited an overall trend of initial decrease, followed by a slight increase, and a subsequent decrease ( Figure 1 B).

Notably, a highly significant negative (antagonistic) correlation was observed between these two major metabolic clusters.

Although protein content showed a decreasing trend as pH increased from 4 to 10, there were no significant differences in protein content among pH 4, 6, and 8.

As shown in Figure 1 B, the concentrations of the desorbed compounds exhibited a decreasing trend from 10 to 30 min and gradually reached equilibrium after 40 min.

Specifically, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio was remarkably diminished in the DSS group compared with the NC group ( p < 0.05), but GLT intervention showed a trend toward restoring this ratio ( Figure 6 B).