Excerpts

Butyric acid and acetic acid levels were markedly reduced in the LPS group, while propionic acid also showed a decreasing trend.

Further Gene Ontology (GO) analysis ( Figure 5D ) revealed a highly significant enrichment of oxidoreductase activity. 4Fe-4S_BP , which encodes a 4Fe-4S-binding domain protein, exhibits a highly conserved β-barrel fold typical of this protein class and contains a well-defined, structurally stable pocket for coordinating iron-sulfur clusters ( Supplementary Figure S6 ).

Introduction Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen on a global scale, with a worrying trend toward multidrug resistance ( Trifonova and Strateva, 2019 ; Brooke, 2021 ).

This band showed a decreasing trend in any of the tested conditions, but such trend was clearly more marked in the case of stimulation by both LPS and Pg -OMVs.

Although the age × sex interaction was not significant, descriptive comparison of the data suggested a notable trend of higher STP in hens at 1 and 2 years of age, which diminished in older birds; however, these within-age sex comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

Investigating immune regulation mediated by gut microbial metabolites has become an important trend in this field.

In terms of physiological indicators ( Figure 6 ), without the inoculation of the strain, the soluble protein (SP) content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of Cd and Ni concentrations, while the activities of SOD, POD and the content of MDA all increased with the increase of stress concentration.

At the family level ( Figure 7B ), Veillonellaceae, Leptotrichiaceae, Actinomycetaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were significantly reduced in PSCI (all q < 0.05), while Streptococcaceae showed an increasing trend without reaching significance.

CRF07_BC showed an increasing trend since 2020, while other subtypes rose sharply after 2022.

Although many individual KOs did not reach the stringent significance threshold, several key genes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism, such as K00687 and K12556, showed a strong trend toward enrichment in the NSI group (with q -values approaching 0.1).

Genera such as Blautia , Anaerostipes , Faecalibacterium , Mediterraneibacter , Collinsella , Gemmiger , and Fusicatenibacter decreased with age, while Escherichia_Shigella showed an increasing trend.

We strongly advised readers not to interpret these nominally significant associations as definitive conclusions, but rather as preliminary clues requiring further validation.

An increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance was observed among E. coli isolates, particularly against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, while nitrofurantoin retained comparatively lower resistance rates.

(2025) ], our data does not show a clear trend towards an increased antibiotic resistance of space isolates compared to isolates from terrestrial habitats.

On this basis, natural products have become a significant trend in anti-caries research ( Cheng et al., 2015 ; Jeon et al., 2011 ).

There is an increasing trend in the carbapenem resistance pattern since their emergence, with variations in the prevalence of carbapenemase gene variants ( Beig et al., 2024 ).

Compared with the db/db group, the MDI in the db/db + PD group showed an increasing trend, although the difference did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05).

For YD and ZS, we note that the PERMANOVA significance is primarily driven by centroid differences, as dispersion homogeneity was not violated (or showed only a weak trend).

Notably, CC398 showed an increasing trend from 5% in 2019 to 20% in 2023 ( Figure 1A ).

Although ATC has historically been considered uncommon in adults, recent reports suggest an increasing trend in prevalence ( Leung et al., 2020 ).

The alpha diversity assessed by the Shannon index showed a decreasing trend in gut microbial diversity in patients with CRA, but this trend did not reach statistical significance.

With increasing age, total number of muscle fibers and fiber density showed a decreasing trend in both roosters and hens, while total muscle fiber area, average muscle fiber area, and fiber diameter showed an increasing trend.

α-diversity analysis showed that DSS significantly decreased the Shannon, Simpson, and observed-species indices compared with the Control group ( P < 0.05), accompanied by a decreasing trend in the Chao1 index.

Fusicolla_acetilerea , Fusicolla , and Bacteroidota showed a significant, strong positive correlation and a highly significant positive correlation with Flavisolibacter ( Supplementary Table S4 ). 3.4 Indicator species analysis We performed random forest analysis at both the fungal and bacterial species levels to identify the key contributing species distinguishing the microbial community structures of healthy and diseased soils ( Figure 3 ; Supplementary Figure S3 ).

Escherichia-Shigella showed an increasing trend in the D-PBS group, while its abundance tended to decrease after AEV and PAEV treatment, particularly in the D-PAEV group; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 9E ; Supplementary Figure S7 ).