Excerpts

To determine CNV enrichment, we only considered loci that were nominally significant between the comparative groups ( P < 0.05).

We applied conditional analysis to all pairwise combinations of nominally significant ( P < 0.05) cell types within a given tissue to identify cell types whose trait association signals are independent of the other significant cell type 44 .

The remaining 10 ± 2% of the vegetated land shows a decreasing trend, of which only about 21 ± 7% is significant ( p < 0.05).

Furthermore, substantially more AAM signals showed at least nominally significant associations (GWAS P < 0.05) with relatively early (102, 31.1%) or relatively late facial hair (152, 46.3%) compared to ~16 expected by chance for each outcome (Supplementary Data 1 ).

We found there was a slight trend of a decrease in the 3 dB cutoff frequency in L5 relative to L2&3 neurons ( p = 0.050, Fig. 4d ).

A linear mixed effects model fitted to stimulus value ratings (i.e., how much participants wanted to eat the food items) found a main effect of group ( ß = 0.10, SE = 0.03, p = 0.003, 95% CI [0.03–0.16]), controlled for BMI, which had a borderline significant effect on stimulus value ratings ( ß = 0.01, SE = 0.006 p = 0.05, 95% CI [−0.0002 to 0.02]).

We performed immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) identification of N-terminal-tagged CLK2-associated proteins (4 FLAG-tagged replicates, one untagged CLK2), using tandem mass tags (TMT) mass spectrometry and observed highly significant enrichment (Fig. 6a , Supplementary Data 32 ) of both known CLK-interacting proteins (28/97 known, B-H adjusted Wald p < 0.05) including CLK1 and additional splicing factors (98/270 total enriched, B-H adjusted Wald p < 0.05).

In contrast, individual deletion of either Sulf1 or Sulf2 resulted in a highly significant increase in CC1 + Olig2 + oligodendrocyte density relative to wt (two-way ANOVA, main effects p < 0.05).

Notably, our data indicated a nominally significant enrichment ( P <0.05, 1 million permutations) of credible MPB SNPs in enhancer regions from DPCs (treated with dihydrotestosterone, DHT), which further supports the hypothesis that DPCs are involved in MPB aetiology 25 (Fig. 2; Supplementary Data 1 ).

We focused on the enriched cytokine/receptor interactions in severe-stage COVID-19 patients and selected the cytokine/receptor interactions associated with highly significant ( P value < 0.05) cell–cell interaction pairs in the severe stage compared to the remission stage and healthy individuals.

Although in this study a lack of association due to the low frequency of the variants was observed for 1007finsC and G908R polymorphisms 32 , a strong trend ( p = 0.05) towards a reduced presence of the mutated R702W allele was observed in IA patients 32 .

Six of the 27 unconditional (22.2%), and 3 of the 13 conditional (23.1%) SNPs had nominally significant ( P <0.05) heterogeneity, much more than the 5% expected by chance ( Supplementary Dataset 1 , Supplementary Tables 1–3 ).

Differences in daily JJA cloud frequency between forest and non-forest boxes are also highly significant (two-sample t -test, P <0.05), but stronger for Landes ( P =10 −6 and 10 −5 for 2004–2008) than for Sologne ( P =0.01 and 0.02 over the same period).

Comparison between late trials in the D 2 −1 session and the early D 2 trials showed a trend toward increasing BF responses (Fig. 6c1 , significant at p < 0.05 level; Fig. 6c2 , paired t -test, p = 0.065, N = 6).

Only the volumes of the caudate, corpus callosum and third ventricle achieved a heritability that was nominally significant in our sample (uncorrected P <0.05).

None of these variants were genome-wide significant in either the sporadic or multiple consecutive miscarriage analysis, and only 14 (4.2%) and 11 (3%) were nominally significant ( P < 0.05) in the respective analyses (Supplementary Data 4 ), which is less than expected by chance (5%).

Interrogating our GWAS data set for candidate genes that have been previously proposed to be involved in pathogenesis of OM, we found 45 out of 82 genes demonstrated evidence of nominally significant association, with intragenic SNPs or nearby SNPs of P value<0.05; Supplementary Table 6 ), such as SMAD2, SMAD4, NELL1.

Samples with >100 highly significant expression differences (fold<0.2, P <0.05 or fold >5, P <0.05, P calculated from z -score) were excluded from the analysis.

In total, 63 loci have shown at least marginal significance ( P <0.05) with ER-negative breast cancer.

To mitigate the effect of plant growth increasing GPP over time, sums of GPP were linearly detrended using Sen’s slope if there was a significant trend based on a Mann-Kendall test ( p < 0.05).

Eight of the 13 ALFRED genes with a nominally significant association between RDGVs and AI in at least one cancer type in the ALFRED analysis ( P < 0.05; Fig. 2d and Supplementary Data 5 ) also had an enrichment of RDGVs in a matched cancer type compared to in controls ( P < 0.05, Fig. 3d ; Supplementary Data 6 ): ATM in colon and rectum adenocarcinoma (COADREAD), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and in PRAD, NSD1 in OV, and TPCN2 in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC).

Of note, we observed a borderline significant decrease in phosphorylated eIF2α levels in PKR KO animals (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), genotype main effect P =0.05), suggesting that PKR indeed contributes to eIF2α phosphorylation status in adipose tissue, irrespective of dietary status ( Fig. 4h and Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Differences between each group were determined to be significant using one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, significant; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, highly significant, the Multiple Comparisons by Tukey) or analyzed by unpaired two-tailed t -test (* p < 0.05, significant; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, highly significant).

Table 2 provides a list of the strongest associations identified across the entire data set, all highly significant (Bonferroni-corrected P <0.05).

There was a marginally significant effect of group on absolute value rating difference (between-subjects Kruskal–Wallis test: H 3 =7.74, P= 0.05; Fig. 5a ).