Excerpts

Although significant associations were all observed in case-control studies, the cohort studies still showed a slight trend.

Despite the variability in subject characteristics and treatment time, there was a highly significant correlation between daily polyphenol dose and relative change in FMD ( Figure 1 ).

There is some earlier evidence of a borderline significant LDL-cholesterol raising effect of DHA in APOE4 carriers in those with modest hypertrigylceridaemia [ 71 ] which was not evident in later studies in normolipdaemic individuals [ 67 ] or using more moderate intervention doses [ 68 ].

Our findings from the meta-analysis showed that whole flaxseed reduced CRP levels and the statistical result was borderline significant.

Regarding the latter, an interesting trend was observed.

Repeating the regression model, but using only children who were negative for Plasmodium parasites, the effects of age and sex were removed, but the association between fortification category and mean Hb remained highly significant: children having access to flour with <24 mg/kg iron had Hb concentrations 15.1 g/L lower and those having access to flour with ≥24 to ≤48 mg/kg iron had Hb concentrations 16.2 g/L lower than those having access to flour with ≥48 mg/kg iron ( post hoc test results which show that both group means are p < 0.001 lower than the ≥48 mg/kg group mean) ( Table 3 ).

Among children overall, there was evidence of a decreasing trend, with average caffeine intakes decreasing from 51.8 mg/day in 1999–2000 to 35.3 mg/day in 2011–2012 ( p -trend = 0.01).

A decreasing trend in intake with advancing age is observed. 3.2.

The SFA intake in the ANIBES study was also above the recommendations for all age groups and both sexes, a negative trend that is being observed in the last two decades [ 23 ].

It has been observed that, using this kind of methodology, there may be significant overestimation of actual use and understanding of labels [ 24 ].

The data shows a clear trend of decreasing UVB availability on moving from South to North within Europe, which would be predicted by the increasing SZA as one moves from ~35° N to ~69° N.

The oldest age group (55–70 years) had lower odds for consuming water than the younger participants (18–34 years) and there was a significant trend for less water consumption with increasing age.

The exclusion of the latter study reduced the borderline significance, while excluding the former in which 28 hypertriglyceridemic and 14 healthy individuals were included, the significance of the 8-h response changed, favoring MUFA meals.

The application of enteral nutrition can reverse the loss of gut mucosal integrity resulting from surgical trauma [ 16 ], and early enteral nutrition support is associated with a decreased infection risk, a reduced hospital stay, and a clear trend of a reduction in anastomotic breakdown [ 17 , 18 ].

Those SNPs showing significant (or near significance) associations in one of the obesity strata were selected for combination in the corresponding obesity-specific GRS (nobGRS and obGRS).

It had been proposed that insertion had no effect on the enzyme activity [ 109 ] and assessed on its own, its effect on Hcy is inconsistent: while some found no effect on Hcy [ 61 , 70 ], others showed a trend towards lower levels at least in specific subpopulations [ 59 , 60 , 66 , 89 , 110 ].

There might also be an interaction between the different genotypes: in non-Hispanic whites homozygous for MTHFR 677T, there was a significant trend towards lower Hcy levels with increasing numbers of copies of 66G, which was not the case for the 677CC or CT genotypes [ 66 ].

Non-significant and borderline significant results were shown relevant to the risk of cognitive impairment/decline (0.76 (0.50, 1.17)) and dementia (0.70 (0.48, 1.02)).

Except for the correlation between triceps’ skinfold SDS and protein intake which showed a borderline significant correlation when calculating Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and which no longer reaches statistical significance with sex as a control variable, correction for sex did not lead to relevant changes (see Supplementary Materials Tables S1 and S2 ). 3.5.

Significance was defined as p value < 0.05; a statistical trend was assumed for p values between 0.05 and 0.1. 3.

Of particular significance, even the lowest fructose concentration (10 μg/mL) led to a highly significant and four-fold increase in GluT4 expression in pre-adipocytes, a marker of adipogenesis [ 32 ].

Results and conclusions : Compared with the control group, both TJ interventions induced significant decreases in ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CRP, and IL-8 ( p ˂ 0.05), and also showed a trend to reduce eotaxin, IFN-γand CXCL10, in a dose dependent manner.

Fasting Glucose When comparisons were made taking into account what percentage of the market basket was consumed, a nearly significant trend was observed: as whole grain consumption increased fasting glucose levels decreased.

Data from Germany showed an increasing trend from 2004 to 2010 for the iodine content in milk; likewise, in Spain, the iodine content increased between 1991 and 2008 [ 39 ].

This relationship between higher vegetable but lower meat intake showed a significant trend, in that the odds for meeting the fish intake recommendations were even better in the children consuming in the highest tertile of vegetable compared to the medium tertile.