Excerpts

Foreign language reading self-efficacy showed a trend of rising initially, then declining, and rising again across the five measurements, with significant individual differences in both initial levels and rates of change.

An increasing trend was observed between MD + 2 to MD-1 in task specificity, number of players and space (see Figure 2 ); on the other hand, the highest time pressure, decision-making and competitive stimulus are found in sessions MD-3 and MD-2 presenting a parabolic trend throughout the microcycle.

None of the AI-inferred or Psychometric scores were significant predictors, although traditional Openness approached significance with a p -value of 0.08, indicating a potential, though not definitive, relationship.

The odds ratio for this effect was 1.08, indicating an 8% increase in the likelihood of experiencing an acute change during mood assessments compared to reflected appraisal, although this result is only marginally significant [95% CI (−0.01, 0.17)]. 4.

Similarly, for the “style” item, the t -value of −12.159 (df = 3,798, p < 0.001) indicates a highly significant difference, with a mean difference of −0.330 and a 95% confidence interval ranging from −0.383 to −0.277.

Various mathematical models were used to fit the curves, and the model with the best fit was selected to create an overall trend graph.

Meanwhile, Cluster 0 shows an almost homogeneous distribution across the age groups with proportions of 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively, and Cluster 4 exhibits an increasing trend with age, from 7% in [0–8) to 13% in [8–12) and 21% in [12–100].

In light of this result, a significant trend or difference in the time dedicated to crafting between men and women was anticipated, but this was not observed.

The results showed a trend in which older artisans reported greater happiness, had fewer years of formal education on average, spent fewer weekly hours on non-craft activities, and began their craft work at a younger age, reflecting generational differences in work trends.

Results with uncorrected p -values below 0.05 but above the Bonferroni threshold were reported as nominally significant.

However, in this study, no open-ended responses explicitly used terms such as “spiritual” or “religious.” Therefore, it is predicted that even if Japanese travelers experience substantial spiritual changes through TTE, they may not recognize these changes as “spiritual.” This tendency suggests that while the transformative effects of TTE may be significant, their interpretation within the Japanese cultural context does not necessarily align with conventional Western conceptions of spirituality. 6.4.

Results The main findings reveal a clear trend of increasing research on analytical thinking in mathematics, with notable peaks in 2021, and Indonesia emerging as the leading contributor in this area.

For objective number one, the study spans from year 1996 to present, revealing an increasing trend in research as year progresses.

Concurrently, the use of R has shown an increasing trend since 2018, with fluctuations but remaining one of the primary tools in recent years (Haberstroh & Schulte-Körne; Sanchez-Alvarez et al.; Zhan et al.).

Their increasingly frequent application highlights a significant trend toward the adoption of advanced technologies and artificial intelligence within the field of scientific and psychological research.

However, it is interesting to note that this association, while marginally significant, was positive.

It is worth noting that, like in Study 1, the (non-significant) relationship between students' generational status and ASC showed a positive trend, suggesting that these students could experience positive self-perceptions based on the fact that, compared to their parents, they had activated the social elevator and were involved in social mobility processes.

Across high and low social support groups, participants showed a trend toward improvement in the left tandem stance test.

Results We included 728 papers in the analysis and noted an increasing trend in annual publication volume.

Although the interaction effect on household garbage classification recycling is only marginally significant, the results still reveal a potential interaction between message framing and goal progress in influencing consumers’ household garbage classification recycling behavior, suggesting that further analysis is warranted.

In Figure 2 , which shows the relationship between the Total Burnout Score and the Exhaustion Score, a positive trend is observed: as burnout increases, exhaustion also increases, suggesting a positive correlation between the two variables.

Therefore, it is both theoretically and practically significant to explore the connotations and structural dimensions of leadership taking charge behavior within the Chinese cultural context and develop corresponding localized scales.

Additionally, participants show a medium-low level of language anxiety in the institutional context of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE) and experience a positive trend towards changes in their social identity, particularly when it comes to self-confidence.

Additionally, the posterior distribution of the standardized mean difference (SMD) suggests a moderately significant effect (SMD ≈ 0.6). 3.4.2.

However, as p is close to the level of significance, and to further scrutinize the results, univariate testing was inspected (e.g., Lautenbach et al., 2016 ).