Excerpts

Second, there was a highly significant association between ompA genotype and anatomical site of isolation (see Methods for details), with trachoma cases in the Mother–Child study exclusively displaying classical trachoma ompA serotypes.

The mean number of F-km per outbreak and the variance of F-km per outbreak show marginally significant trends over the recent period 1977–2014 ( Supplementary Fig. 4a–c ).

Interestingly, in both CuMoO 4 and BiFeO 3 the absorption is stronger when the transition metal cation is in an octahedral oxygen environment, which suggests a possible trend, and strategies for engineering piezochromic effects in other perovskites.

In the case of neuroblastoma, ZNF423 displayed a clear trend of progressively decreased expression with more advanced tumour stages and lower expression was associated with worst prognosis.

Specifically, although AstroEGFR*1, which reached overexpression levels comparable to those in AstroEGFR*2, showed a trend of extended survival that did not reach statistical significance, AstroEGFR*3, despite much stronger Zfp423 overexpression, displayed a shorter survival.

In both cases, the effects of ESPNL on filopodia number and length were highly significant ( Supplementary Table 1 ).

The genotype and phenotype associations were highly significant in the higher education stratum (main genetic effects, 1.97 × 10 −10 ≤ P main ≤8.16 × 10 −8 ) but were considerably weaker in the lower education stratum (0.008≤ P main ≤0.243).

Two SNP × education interactions were nominally significant ( Supplementary Table 6 ): TJP2 in Europeans (rs11145488, P int =6.91 × 10 −3 ) and SHISA6-DNAH9 in Asians (rs2969180, P int =4.02 × 10 −3 ).

As a population at carrying capacity can be considered to have gone through a critical transition when the realized non-linear growth rate of a population falls below one (and thus the ability of a system to respond to perturbations diminishes) 11 , in the above scenario a negative trend in the mean body size of a population (and consequently in growth rates) could be used as an alternative measure of whether a system is approaching a bifurcation.

Rather, we argue that one would expect a consistently declining trend before collapse in the mean body size, and, potentially, an increasing trend in the variance of body size.

For platelet-lineage gene expression, we observed a highly significant, age-dependent increase in the frequency of expression, not only in Vwf + HSCs but also in Vwf − HSCs ( Fig. 2c,e ; Supplementary Fig. 3b ), with the majority of platelet-lineage genes being more highly expressed in Vwf + and Vwf − -aged HSCs ( Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

The difference between these two groups was highly significant and demonstrates the importance of assaying functional marks in both normal and tumour tissues.

To account for the correlation among marks we grouped the 82 marginally significant annotations into 15 biologically relevant, non-overlapping groups organized by mark and cell line, and partitioned across all groups in a joint model (see Methods, Table 1 , Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6 ).

However, despite this variability, our hypothesis is testable because it concerns an overall trend in behaviour.

In the Osx-P3 PPR-deficient Tomato + cells, mRNA expression of the bone/cementum matrix protein, osteopontin ( Opn ), showed a trend toward upregulation compared to Osx-P3 PPR WT cells, although this result was not statistically significant ( Fig. 7j , Mann–Whitney's U -test).

The finding of a highly significant overlap between CpGs that are modulated by AID expression in primary fimbrial cells and those discriminating HGSEMCs from non-serous subtypes ( Fig. 6c and Supplementary Fig. 13 ) further attests to AID's key role in triggering epigenetic reprogramming in tissues at increased risk of HGSEMC in BRCA mutation carriers.

This highly significant reduction—over 90%—suggests that w Anga may interfere with Plasmodium development in the mosquito vector, as shown in artificial Anopheles – Wolbachia combinations 14 15 19 .

The R402C mutant expressing Kasumi-1 cells showed a trend towards reduced cell growth, suggesting residual activity.

While substantial macrophage infiltration persisted at day 24 in wild-type mice, TNC −/− mice showed a trend towards reduced numbers ( Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

In this sense, the technological impact can be quite significant as both effects can be explored to design enhanced nano-photonic devices based on photon–phonon interaction such as narrow-band filters, acousto-optic modulators, microwave signal and frequency combs generation, Brillouin amplifiers and lasers, sensors and others.

Although melting is stochastic by nature, there is a clear trend that increasing biaxial strain decreases this GeTe premelt disordering temperature, as shown in Fig. 2b .

It is quite significant to note that the displacement responsivities of both devices (1.43 and 1.3 nV fm −1 ) are ∼30 times higher than that previously demonstrated using a nanocantilever (0.04 nV fm −1 ) 2 , while the noise-limited resolutions at 1 Hz bandwidth (60.14 and 105.2 fm) are very comparable to the nanocantilever (39 fm) 2 and almost 4 orders higher than similar sized microcantilevers (0.5 nm Hz −1/2 ) 2 with comparable f 0 .

Given the inter-individual heterogeneity inherent to human clinical specimens, these differences are highly significant and likely represent only a minimal estimate of the true transcriptome heterogeneity.

However, overexpression of kinase mutant hLRRK2 G2019S failed to induce synaptic compensation, whereas overexpression of hLRRK2 I2020T transgene showed a trend towards reduced synaptic compensation compared with wild-type hLRRK2 ( Fig. 2g and Supplementary Fig. 6i ).

Although the nature of the temporal interactions differed between KLS and Lin − progenitor cells, both of these populations displayed highly significant spatial affinities for contacting the vascular area ( Fig. 5a ) compared with the endosteum.